Exercise Reduces the Resumption of Tumor Growth and Proteolytic Pathways in the Skeletal Muscle of Mice Following Chemotherapy

The pathogenesis of muscle atrophy plays a central role in cancer cachexia, and chemotherapy contributes to this condition. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of endurance exercise on time-dependent muscle atrophy caused by doxorubicin. For this, C57 BL/6 mice were subcutaneously inoculated with Lewis lung carcinoma cells (LLC group). One week after the tumor establishment, a group of these animals initiated the doxorubicin chemotherapy alone (LLC + DOX group) or combined with endurance exercise (LLC + DOX + EXER group). One group of animals was euthanized after the chemotherapy cycle, whereas the remaining animals were euthanized one week after the last administration of doxorubicin. The practice of exercise combined with chemotherapy showed beneficial effects such as a decrease in tumor growth rate after chemotherapy interruption and amelioration of premature death due to doxorubicin toxicity. Moreover, the protein degradation levels in mice undergoing exercise returned to basal levels after chemotherapy; in contrast, the mice treated with doxorubicin alone experienced an increase in the mRNA expression levels of the proteolytic pathways in gastrocnemius muscle (Trim63, Fbxo32, Myostatin, FoxO). Collectively, our results suggest that endurance exercise could be utilized during and after chemotherapy for mitigating muscle atrophy promoted by doxorubicin and avoid the resumption of tumor growth

Formoterol reduces muscle wasting in mice undergoing doxorubicin chemotherapy

BackgroundEven though doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy promotes intense muscle wasting, this drug is still widely used in clinical practice due to its remarkable efficiency in managing cancer. On the other hand, intense muscle loss during the oncological treatment is considered a bad prognosis for the disease’s evolution and the patient’s quality of life. In this sense, strategies that can counteract the muscle wasting induced by DOX are essential. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of formoterol (FOR), a β2-adrenoceptor agonist, in managing muscle wasting caused by DOX.Methods and resultsTo evaluate the effect of FOR on DOX-induced muscle wasting, mice were treated with DOX (2.5 mg/kg b.w., i.p. administration, twice a week), associated or not to FOR treatment (1 mg/kg b.w., s.c. administration, daily). Control mice received vehicle solution. A combination of FOR treatment with DOX protected against the loss of body weight (p<0.05), muscle mass (p<0.001), and grip force (p<0.001) promoted by chemotherapy. FOR also attenuated muscle wasting (p<0.01) in tumor-bearing mice on chemotherapy. The potential mechanism by which FOR prevented further DOX-induced muscle wasting occurred by regulating Akt/FoxO3a signaling and gene expression of atrogenes in skeletal muscle.ConclusionsCollectively, our results suggest that FOR can be used as a pharmacological strategy for managing muscle wasting induced by DOX. This study provides new insights into the potential therapeutic use of FOR to improve the overall wellbeing of cancer patients undergoing DOX chemotherapy

Efeitos do treinamento concorrente sobre parâmetros da síndrome metabólica em adolescentes obesos

Introdução: A obesidade, por si só, é um fator de risco independente para o desenvolvimento de diversas doenças, e uma das que mais tem motivado investigações científicas é a Síndrome Metabólica (SM), caracterizada pelo agrupamento de, pelo menos, três componentes que caracterizam fatores de risco de origem cardiovascular, cuja prevalência em crianças e adolescentes é elevada. Uma das alternativas para o tratamento está no exercício físico e/ou reeducação alimentar. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da intervenção de 20 semanas por meio do treinamento concorrente (aeróbio e resistido), na composição corporal e sobre a prevalência e os componentes da Síndrome Metabólica em adolescentes obesos. Metodologia: A amostra foi composta por 50 adolescentes obesos com idade entre 12 a 16 anos (13,4±1,1) classificados por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal. Para a análise da composição corporal foi empregada a técnica da absorptiometria de raios-X de dupla energia, verificando-se variáveis como percentual de gordura corporal (%GC), percentual de gordura de tronco (%GTronco) e massa corporal magra (MCM) . Foram avaliados também o colesterol total (COLtotal), HDL-colesterol (HDL), triglicérides (TRI), glicemia em jejum (GLI) e insulina plasmática. A intervenção consistia em treinamento concorrente com 50% do tempo voltado a exercícios aeróbios e a outra metade a exercícios resistidos, com sessões de 60 minutos, 3 vezes/semana, durante 20 semanas. Análise estatística: foram calculadas a mediana e intervalo interquartílico de todas as variáveis...Introduction: Obesity, by itself, is an independent risk factor for the development of various diseases, one that has motivated even more scientific research is the metabolic syndrome (MS), characterized by the clustering of at least three components that characterize risk factors of cardiovascular origin, whose prevalence in children and adolescents is high. An alternative to this treatment is diet and/or exercise. Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of 20 weeks intervention of concurrent training (aerobic and resistance), on body composition and on the prevalence and the components of metabolic syndrome in obese adolescents. Methodology: The sample consisted of 50 obese adolescents aged 12-16 years (13.4±1.1) classified by Body Mass Index. For body composition analysis was employed the technique of Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry, in order to verify variables such as body fat percentage (%BF), percentage of trunk fat (%BFtrunk) and lean body mass (LBM) . We also evaluated total cholesterol (COLtotal), HDL-cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TRI), fasting glucose (GLU) and insulin. The intervention consisted of concurrent training (50% of the time of aerobic exercise and 50% of resistance exercise), the sessions lasts 60 minutes of duration, 3 times per week for 20 weeks. Statistical analysis: we calculated the median and interquartile range of all variables and the Wilcoxon... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES

Macronutrient intake is correlated with dyslipidemia and low-grade inflammation in childhood obesity but mostly in male obese

Condition of hypoxia caused by hypertrophy of adipose cells in obesity triggers macrophages recruitment and production of cytokines. Additionally, high consumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and high glycemic index meals may contribute to oxidative stress and chronic low-grade inflammation by increases NF-kB activation. Thus, the aim of the study was to analyze the contribution of the macronutrients intake in the metabolic and inflammatory profile, by levels of lipoproteins, insulin resistance, anti and pro inflammatory cytokines, in obese adolescents according the gender. sample was composed by 37 adolescents, both genders, identified as obese by body mass index (BMI). Body composition was assessed by Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and measures of intra-abdominal adiposity (IAAT) and subcutaneous adiposity tissue (SAT) were done by ultrasound. Biochemical analyses were done and the measurement of cytokines; fatty acids and insulin were performed by the technique of immunoassay ELISA. The estimation of macronutrients consumption was made by 3 day food register regarding food intake. Statistical significance was set at p-value < 5% and the statistical software SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL) performed all analyses. BMI (p = 0.316), FM (p = 0.416), IAAT (p = 0.505) and SAT (p = 0.935) presented similarities between genders. Cytokines and metabolic variables values were similar between the groups. Only in the male group, metabolic variables and cytokines were significant correlated with the consumption of total lipids or its fractions. Was observed that insulin concentration had significant interaction with MUFA(g) (= -18.4; p = 0.004) and adiponectin with CHO(g) (= -58.2; p = 0.032) in the group male and female, respectively. macronutrients intake is associated with low-grade inflammation in obesity, by production of inflammatory cytokines and alteration of the lipid profile, especially male obese adolescents which seem to be more responsive of this consumption when compared with female obese adolescents

Effect of concurrent training on risk factors and hepatic steatosis in obese adolescents

OBJETIVOAnalisar os efeitos de 20 semanas de treinamento concorrente sobre as variáveis de composição corporal, perfil lipídico e diagnóstico da esteatose hepática em adolescentes obesos.MÉTODOSRealizou-se um ensaio clínico aberto com 34 adolescentes obesos com idades entre 12 e 15 anos. Foram analisados gordura corporal total e de tronco, colesterol total e suas frações (HDL, LDL e VLDL) e triglicérides, sendo realizado exame de ultrassonografia de abdome superior para diagnosticar esteatose hepática. Os participantes foram submetidos ao treinamento concorrente (associação de treino com pesos e exercício aeróbio) três vezes por semana, com duração de uma hora-aula durante 20 semanas. Para o tratamento estatístico, foram realizados o teste t de Student pareado e a análise de frequência, a fim de verificar as reduções relativa e absoluta do diagnóstico da esteatose hepática, adotando-se p<0,05.RESULTADOSOs adolescentes estudados apresentaram melhoras significativas da composição corporal, com diminuição do percentual de gordura total, da massa gorda total, da gordura de tronco e do aumento da massa magra, além de redução do tamanho dos lóbulos do fígado, dos índices de prevalência da esteatose hepática, do colesterol total e LDL-colesterol.CONCLUSÕESO treinamento concorrente foi efetivo por promover melhorias significativas de variáveis da composição corporal e do perfil lipídico, além de reduzir a prevalência da esteatose hepática.OBJETIVOAnalizar los efectos de 20 semanas de entrenamiento concurrente sobre las variables de composición corporal, perfil lipídico y diagnóstico de la esteatosis hepática en adolescentes obesos.MÉTODOSSe realizó un ensayo clínico abierto con 34 adolescentes obesos con edades entre los 12 y los 15 años (13,7±1,17). Se analizaron grasa corporal total y de tronco, colesterol total y sus fracciones (HDL, LDL y VLDL) y triglicéridos, siendo realizado examen de ultrasonografía abdominal superior para diagnosticar esteatosis hepática. Los participantes fueron sometidos al entrenamiento concurrente (asociación de entrenamiento con pesos y ejercicio aeróbico) tres veces por semana, con duración de una hora clase durante 20 semanas. Para el tratamiento estadístico, se realizaron análisis descriptivo, prueba t de Student pareada y análisis de frecuencia, a fin de verificar las reducciones relativa y absoluta del diagnóstico de la esteatosis hepática, adoptando p<0,05.RESULTADOSLos adolescentes estudiados presentaron mejoras significativas de la composición corporal, con reducción del porcentaje de grasa total, de la masa gorda total, de la grasa de tronco y del aumento de masa magra, además de reducción del tamaño de los lóbulos del hígado, de los índices de prevalencia de la esteatosis hepática, del colesterol total y del LDL-colesterol.CONCLUSIONESEl entrenamiento concurrente fue efectivo por promover mejorías significativas de variables de la composición corporal y del perfil lipídico, además de reducir la prevalencia de la esteatosis hepática.OBJECTIVETo analyze the effects of a 20-week concurrent training on the variables of body composition, lipid profile, and fatty liver diagnosis in obese adolescents.METHODSAn open clinical trial was carried out with 34 obese adolescents aged between 12 and 15 years. Total body fat, trunk fat mass, total cholesterol and its fractions (HDL, LDL and VLDL), and triglycerides were analyzed; an upper abdominal ultrasound was performed in order to diagnose fatty liver. The participants underwent concurrent training (association of weight training with aerobic training) three times per week, lasting one hour for 20 weeks. Statistical analysis included paired Studentâ€(tm)s t-test and frequency analysis in order to verify the relative and absolute reductions of fatty liver diagnosis, being significant p<0.05.RESULTSThe studied adolescents showed statistically significant improvement in body composition, with a decrease of total body fat percentage, total fat mass, trunk fat, and an a increase in the lean body mass. They also presented reduced size of liver lobes, decrease in total cholesterol and in LDL-cholesterol, with a lower prevalence of fatty liver.CONCLUSIONSThe concurrent training was effective for promoting significant improvements in body fat composition and lipid profile variables, besides reducing fatty liver prevalence rate

Desempenho de diferentes equações antropométricas na predição de gordura corporal excessiva em crianças e adolescentes

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a eficiência de diferentes equações antropométricas para a identificação de excesso de gordura corporal entre crianças e adolescentes. MÉTODOS: A amostra foi composta por 1.498 indivíduos (678 meninos e 820 meninas), com idade entre 7 e 17 anos (M=13,7, DP=2,0), da cidade de Presidente Prudente (SP). A massa corporal e a estatura foram mensuradas para o cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal. Também foi realizada a mensuração da circunferência de cintura e das dobras cutâneas subescapular, tricipital, abdominal e da panturrilha. O percentual de gordura corporal foi calculado por meio de quatro equações: Slaughter et al., Slaughter II et al., Dezenberg et al., e Deurenberg et al.. Para indicar a eficiência das diferentes equações antropométricas na indicação da obesidade, foi utilizada a análise da curva Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve. RESULTADOS: No grupo masculino, foram observados valores de sensibilidade elevados (82,4% a 100,0%) e valores oscilando de baixo a alto, para a especificidade (20,9% a 94,9%). Para o sexo feminino, os valores de sensibilidade variaram entre moderado e alto (72,2% a 99,4%); e os de especificidade apresentaram, também, grande oscilação entre baixo e alto (21,6% a 98,2%). CONCLSÃO: A equação proposta por Deurenberg et al., apresentou o melhor desempenho no diagnóstico tanto da presença como da ausência de obesidade na amostra investigada.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the efficiency of different anthropometric equations that identify excess body fat in children and adolescents. METHODS: The sample consisted of 1,498 subjects (678 males and 820 females), aged 7 to 17 years (13.7 SD=2.0), from Presidente Prudente (SP). Body weight and height were measured to calculate body mass index. Waist circumference and triceps, abdominal, and thigh skinfold thicknesses were also measured. The percentage of body fat was estimated by four anthropometric equations: Slaughter et al., Slaughter II et al., Dezenberg et al., and Deurenberg et al.. The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve was used to indicate the efficiency of these equations. RESULTS: High sensitivity values (82.4% to 100,0%) and high and low specificity scores (20.9% to 94.9%) were observed in males. In females, the sensitivity values ranged from moderate to high (72.2% to 99.4%) and the specificity scores were high (21.6% to 98.2%). CONCLUSION: The Deurenberg et al., equation was the most accurate for identifying presence or absence of obesity in this sample

Effect of concurrent training on gender-specific biochemical variables and adiposity in obese adolescents

Objective The purpose of the present study was to analyze the effects of a 20-week concurrent training (20 WCT) intervention program on gender-specific body composition and metabolic variables in obese adolescents.Subjects and methods Sample was composed of twenty-five obese adolescents, aged between 12 and 15 (13.4 ± 0.96) years. Fat-free mass (FFM), percentage trunk fat mass (TFM%) and percentage fat mass (%FM) were evaluated through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Measurement of intra-abdominal adiposity (IAAT) was performed using ultrasound. Blood pressure was measured and blood samples analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), triglycerides (TG) and plasma glucose. All participants performed the concurrent training (combination of weight training and aerobic training) three times per week, one hour per day, for 20 weeks. Descriptive analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures were used to compare baseline, 10 week and 20 week moments using the Bonferroni post-hoc test. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Significant decrease in TC, LDL-c and TFM% were verified in both genders after the 10 initial weeks of concurrent training.Results A significant increase in height was found in both the male and female groups (p = 0.001 and p = 0.047, respectively), after 20 weeks of concurrent training. In addition, several modifications were observed in body composition and metabolic variables, with a significant decrease in BMI (p = 0.002 and p = 0.017), BMI z-score (p = 0.033 and p = 0.004), FM% (p = 0.002 and p = 0.002), TFM% (p = 0.009 and p = 0.018), TC (p = 0.042 and p = 0.001) and LDL-c (p = 0.006 and p = 0.001) in the male and female groups, respectively, after 20 weeks of intervention when compared with baseline.Conclusion Our results identified that concurrent training was an effective intervention for treating metabolic variable and body composition disorders, in both genders, by decreasing adiposity with consequent improvement in BMI and BMI z-scores, and enhancement in lipid profile variables